Objective To analyze the clinical effects of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) at different times after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with choledocholithiasis and gallbladder stones. Methods A total of 80 cases patients with choledocholithiasis and gallbladder stones admitted to Baishan Central Hospital from February 2018 to December 2019 were selected and acted as the research objects, they were divided into the control group and the observation group according to the random number table method, each with 40 cases, all were treated with ERCP, patients in the control group received LC treatment 4~15 days after ERCP, while patients in the observation group received LC treatment 1~3 days after ERCP, and both groups were followed up for 7 days afteroperation. The clinical curative effect 7 days after operation, surgical-related clinical indicators, serum liver function, inflammatory factor indicators before and 7 days after operation, stone clearance rate and complications occurrence 7 days after operation of patients in the two groups were compared between the two groups. Results The total clinical effective rate of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group 7 days after operation; the intraoperative blood loss of patients in the observation group was significantly less than that in the control group, and the operation time and hospital stay were significantly shorter than those of the control group; compared with before operation, the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and total bilirubin(TBiL) and serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels of patients in the two groups 3 days after operation reduced significantly, and the observation group was significantly lower than the control group; but the level of interleukin-10 (IL-10) increased significantly, and the observation group was significantly higher than the control group (all P0.05). Conclusion Early LC treatment for patients with choledocholithiasis and gallbladder stones after ERCP can more effectively reduce the patients’ intraoperative blood loss, shorten the hospital stay, effectively protect the body’s liver function, and reduce inflammatory stress.