Objective To investigate the expression of glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1), phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN), human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in breast cancer, and analyze its relationship with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of breast cancer patients, so as to provide basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Methods The clinical data of 80 patients with breast cancer admitted to Xuzhou Central Hospital from January 2012 to January 2017 were retrospectively analyzed, and the expression of GLUT-1, PTEN, HER-2 and PCNA proteins in tumor tissues and normal tissues adjacent to cancer were detected by immunohistochemical method. The expression of GLUT-1, PTEN, HER-2, PCNA protein in breast cancer tissues and normal tissues adjacent to cancer, and the expression of GLUT-1, PTEN, HER-2, PCNA protein in breast cancer tissues of patient with different clinicopathological characteristics were compared; the patients were divided into survival group (59 cases) and death group (21 cases) according to the 5-year follow-up results, the expression of GLUT-1, PTEN, HER-2 and PCNA proteins in breast cancer tissues of patients with different prognosis were analyzed. Results Compared with normal tissues adjacent to cancer, the positive rates of GLUT-1, HER-2 and PCNA protein expression in breast cancer tissues were significantly higher, and the positive rates of PTEN protein expression were significantly lower (all P<0.05); the positive rates of GLUT-1, HER-2 and PCNA protein expression in breast cancer tissue of patients with clinical stage Ⅲ?~ Ⅳ and lymph node metastasis were significantly higher than those of patients with clinical stage Ⅰ?~ Ⅱ and without lymph node metastasis, the positive rate of PTEN protein expression was significantly lower than that of patients in clinicalstage Ⅰ?~ Ⅱ and without lymph node metastasis; the positive rates of GLUT-1, HER-2 and PCNA protein expression in breast cancer tissue of death group were significantly higher than those of survival group, and the positive rate of PTEN protein expression was significantly lower than that of survival group (all P<0.05); the positive rates of GLUT-1, PTEN, HER-2 and PCNA protein expression in breast cancer tissues of patients of different ages and tumor diameters were not statistically significant (all P>0.05). Conclusion The expression of GLUT-1, HER-2, PCNA protein in breast cancer tissue are high, and PTEN protein is low, which are closely related to its clinical stage, lymph node metastasis and prognosis. Detection of GLUT-1, PTEN, HER-2, PCNA protein expression in breast cancer tissue can provide reference for diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of breast cancer.